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Interview Questions
Practice 9403 coding, system design and machine learning questions from 546 companies, sorted by role, topic and interview round. Every question has step-by-step hints, a code runner that supports 8 languages and an AI mentor; members also get the full solution walkthrough.
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Showing 5611–5640 of 9403 results
- MicrosoftMediumSoftware EngineerLongest Single-Letter Substring After at Most k Letter Replacements
A string problem: given uppercase letters and a budget of k single-letter changes, find the longest contiguous substring that can be turned into one repeated letter. It tests efficient substring scanning with letter counts and careful reasoning about when a candidate substring stays valid.
Coding & AlgorithmsOnsite - MicrosoftMediumSoftware EngineerLow-Level Design of a Logging Library Shared by Many Threads
Low-level design question about an in-process logging library that many threads call at the same time. It tests class modeling for loggers, records, formatters and output destinations, plus thread safety, the hand-off to a background writer, ordering, overflow behavior, failure isolation and clean shutdown.
Software Engineering FundamentalsOther - MicrosoftMediumProduct ManagerML Pipeline Stability & Evaluation
Practice diagnosing and stabilizing a time-series ML forecasting pipeline after online accuracy drops. The solution covers data ingestion, feature generation, training, serving, time-aware evaluation, segment metrics, baselines, online canaries, remediation, monitoring, and ML release governance.
Product / Decision MakingHR Screen - MicrosoftMediumSoftware EngineerMaximize Equal Array Length After Contiguous Sum Merges
Determine the maximum possible length of two identical arrays formed by repeatedly merging adjacent elements of two given positive-integer arrays, or return -1 if impossible.
Coding & AlgorithmsOnsiteTwo PointersGreedyArrays - MicrosoftMediumSoftware EngineerMaximize Points by Deleting Values and Their Neighbors
Tests dynamic programming and hash map aggregation to maximize points under adjacency constraints over a sparse range of values.
Coding & AlgorithmsOnline Assessmentdynamic-programminghash-tablesorting - MicrosoftMediumSoftware EngineerMaximize profit with bounded sell window
This question evaluates proficiency in array algorithms, time and space complexity analysis, and techniques for bounded-range optimization and streaming adaptation.
Coding & AlgorithmsOnsite - MicrosoftMediumApplied ScientistMaximum Subarray Sum of an Array Repeated K Times
A coding question that first asks for the largest sum of a non-empty contiguous subarray, then for the same quantity when the array is written out k times back to back. It tests subarray reasoning across copy boundaries, all-negative inputs, and sums that overflow 32-bit integers.
Coding & AlgorithmsOnsite - MicrosoftEasySoftware EngineerMeasure Every Lake on a Map Tile, Listed in Scan Order
Compute the area of every water body on a rectangular map tile, reported in the order a row-by-row scan first touches each one; tests connected components on a grid and avoiding recursion limits on huge regions.
Coding & AlgorithmsOnsitegridgraph-traversaldfs - MicrosoftMediumMachine Learning EngineerMeasure LLM Quality and Detect Hallucinations, Then Implement an Evaluation Component
A hands-on LLM evaluation exercise on measuring model quality, comparing prompt or model versions, and detecting hallucinations against supplied context. It also asks for a small Python groundedness scorer that flags unsupported sentences and aggregates a hallucination rate, testing evaluation judgment and clean, well-tested code.
Machine LearningOnsite - MicrosoftMediumSoftware EngineerMedian of Every Fixed-Length Sliding Window in an Integer Array
A coding problem that slides a window of fixed length k across an integer array and asks for the median of every window position, returned as floats in window order. It tests keeping the middle of a changing collection available as elements enter and leave, exact handling of even-sized windows, and overflow-safe averaging.
Coding & AlgorithmsOnsite - MicrosoftMediumSoftware EngineerMerge multiple sorted arrays using min-heap
This question evaluates algorithm design and data structure proficiency, focusing on merging multiple sorted sequences and reasoning about time and space complexity for large numbers of arrays and elements.
Coding & AlgorithmsOnsite - MicrosoftMediumSoftware EngineerMerge overlapping intervals
This question tests the ability to manage and merge interval-based data, requiring sorting and a single-pass linear traversal to resolve overlaps.
Coding & AlgorithmsTechnical ScreenSortingIntervalsArrays - MicrosoftMediumSoftware EngineerMinimize Fuel Cost Across Cities
Calculate the minimum monetary cost to travel between two cities in a road network where fuel is consumed per unit distance and can be stockpiled with unlimited capacity at local city prices.
Coding & AlgorithmsOnsiteGraphDijkstraShortest Path - MicrosoftMediumSoftware EngineerMinimize the Largest Value When Picking at Least k Non-Adjacent Houses
Pick at least k houses from a row without choosing two neighbors, so that the largest amount in any chosen house is as small as possible, and return that minimum. With up to 100,000 houses and values up to one billion, the task tests reasoning about a min-max objective under an adjacency constraint.
Coding & AlgorithmsOnline Assessment - MicrosoftMediumSoftware EngineerMinimum Number of Rooms to Host Overlapping Meetings
A scheduling problem that asks for the fewest rooms needed to hold a set of meetings given as half-open time intervals, where a room freed at a given moment can be reused immediately. It tests interval reasoning, correct handling of shared endpoints and duplicates, and an efficient solution for large inputs.
Coding & AlgorithmsOnsite - MicrosoftMediumSoftware EngineerMinimum Ship Capacity to Deliver Ordered Packages Within a Day Limit
Given package weights in a fixed loading order and a number of days, find the smallest ship capacity that delivers every package within that many days, carrying one contiguous run of packages per day. It tests reasoning precisely about feasibility, choosing correct bounds and handling large inputs efficiently.
Coding & AlgorithmsOnsite - MicrosoftMediumSoftware EngineerMinimum total cost to convert one string into another using weighted character rules
A string transformation problem: convert a source string into a target string using directed, weighted character replacement rules that may be chained at a position. It tests reasoning about multi-step conversions, choosing the cheapest of duplicate rules, detecting impossible positions, and totals beyond the 32-bit range.
Coding & AlgorithmsOther - MicrosoftMediumSoftware EngineerMost Frequent Substring Under Distinct-Letter and Length Limits
Find how often the most frequent eligible substring appears in a lowercase string, where an eligible substring has a length within a given range and no more than a set number of distinct letters. Overlapping occurrences count and inputs reach 100,000 characters, so the task tests efficient substring counting.
Coding & AlgorithmsOnline Assessment - MicrosoftMediumSoftware EngineerMost Frequent Substring Within a Length Range and a Distinct-Letter Limit
A string coding problem: among all substrings whose length falls in a given range and that use at most a given number of distinct letters, return how many times the most frequent one occurs. It tests handling overlapping occurrences and the distinct-letter limit, counting efficiently on strings of up to 100,000 characters, and returning zero when nothing qualifies.
Coding & AlgorithmsOnline Assessment - MicrosoftMediumProduct ManagerNorth Star Metrics & Experiment Design
Practice defining a North Star Metric and experiment for a Microsoft product using Teams as the example. The solution defines Weekly Actively Collaborating Users, leading indicators with SQL sketches, telemetry requirements, randomization unit, experiment metrics, guardrails, power, and analysis.
Product / Decision MakingHR Screen - MicrosoftMediumSite Reliability EngineerOn-call behavioral: judging severity, escalating, and tracing an issue to a recent change
Behavioral incident-response question for a senior reliability role: describe an on-call incident on a large customer-facing service and how you judged severity and escalated, then a case where you tied runtime signals to a recent deployment or feature flag change. It tests triage judgment, coordination and reducing time to resolution.
Behavioral & LeadershipOnsite - MicrosoftMediumSoftware EngineerParse a Signed Integer in an Arbitrary Base
Parse signed integers in bases 2–36 with explicit syntax, negative-boundary handling, pre-arithmetic overflow checks, and deterministic error precedence.
Coding & AlgorithmsTechnical Screen - MicrosoftMediumSoftware EngineerPeer-to-Peer File Distribution: Discovery, Chunked Transfer and Integrity Checks
A system design interview question asking you to build a peer-to-peer file sharing network where users download large files directly from other users. It tests content identification, peer discovery, chunked parallel transfer with integrity checks, NAT traversal, incentives against free-riders, and keeping files available as peers churn.
System DesignOnsite - MicrosoftMediumSoftware EngineerPopulate next pointers in a perfect binary tree
Evaluates proficiency in tree traversal and in-place pointer manipulation, emphasizing the perfect binary tree invariant and space-time trade-offs; category/domain: Coding & Algorithms. It is commonly asked because it tests ability to perform level-wise linking under an O(1) extra-space constraint and operates at the implementation-level of algorithms and data structures.
Coding & AlgorithmsOnsite - MicrosoftMediumApplied ScientistPredict Employee Attrition from an HR Dataset and Explain Its Drivers
A machine learning design exercise: given a tab-separated HR dataset with features such as age, job role, monthly income and overtime, predict which employees will leave and explain which factors drive attrition. It covers feature processing, model choice, class imbalance, evaluation metrics, threshold selection and interpretability.
ML System DesignOnsite - MicrosoftMediumData ScientistPrint Org Chart by Level
This problem tests your ability to model a tree structure from flat parent-child relations and perform a level-order traversal to format hierarchical data.
Coding & AlgorithmsTechnical ScreenTreesBFSGraphs - MicrosoftEasyData ScientistQuery departments and top earners
This problem tests your ability to aggregate data using window functions to identify top-performing rows within specific groups and perform conditional filtering across joined tables.
Data Manipulation (SQL/Python)Technical ScreenSQLWindow FunctionsJoins - MicrosoftMediumSoftware EngineerReason About Alien Dictionary Ordering
This problem tests the ability to model lexicographical constraints as a directed graph and determine if a valid ordering of unique characters exists using topological sorting.
Software Engineering FundamentalsTechnical ScreenGraphTopological SortHash Table - MicrosoftMediumSoftware EngineerRecover Sorted Digits from Scrambled English Number Words
Recover sorted digits from scrambled English number-word letters, including repeats, and analyze why arbitrary customer vocabularies may lose unique recoverability.
Coding & AlgorithmsOnsite - MicrosoftMediumSoftware EngineerResolve Technical Disagreement and Work Across Different Styles
Discuss technical disagreement and contrasting work styles with fair alternatives, shared evidence, explicit decisions, and practical collaboration changes.
Behavioral & LeadershipOnsite
Microsoft