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Interview Questions
Practice 9403 coding, system design and machine learning questions from 546 companies, sorted by role, topic and interview round. Every question has step-by-step hints, a code runner that supports 8 languages and an AI mentor; members also get the full solution walkthrough.
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Showing 2611–2640 of 4616 results
- MicrosoftEasyData ScientistExplain SHAP and build an ML project
This question tests your conceptual understanding of SHAP values for model interpretability and your ability to design a robust, end-to-end machine learning pipeline for a real-world business problem.
Machine LearningTechnical ScreenSHAPInterpretabilityMLOps - MicrosoftMediumData ScientistExplain SHAP in an ML System
This question evaluates a data scientist's competence in designing and operationalizing end-to-end machine learning systems in the Machine Learning domain, covering problem framing, label and feature design, model selection, evaluation, deployment, monitoring, and model interpretability using SHAP.
Machine LearningTechnical Screen - MicrosoftEasyMachine Learning EngineerExplain Transformers and deploy an LLM safely
This question evaluates understanding of Transformer architectures and practical LLM deployment competencies, covering attention mechanisms, token and positional representations, computational complexity, and production concerns like latency, cost, quality, safety, and privacy.
ML System DesignTechnical Screen - MicrosoftMediumSoftware EngineerExplain deadlock cases and how to prevent them
This question evaluates understanding of deadlocks, concurrency control, and resource synchronization in concurrent programming, testing competency in identifying the necessary conditions for deadlock, analyzing concrete scenarios including circular waits, and considering engineering approaches for prevention, detection, and recovery.
Software Engineering FundamentalsTechnical Screen - MicrosoftMediumMachine Learning EngineerExplain metrics, regularization, and ablation studies
This question evaluates understanding of classification evaluation metrics, regularization methods, and experimental design for component-level analysis in NLP and broader Machine Learning systems, testing competencies in performance measurement, regularization trade-offs, and causal attribution of model components.
Machine LearningTechnical Screen - MicrosoftHardSoftware EngineerExplain owning and debugging infra modules
This question evaluates ownership, debugging, and operational competence for low-level infrastructure components such as storage, distributed systems, and other reliability-critical infra, emphasizing reliability/performance goals, incident investigation, trade-off reasoning, and executional ownership.
Behavioral & LeadershipTechnical Screen - MicrosoftMediumMachine Learning EngineerFind Top K Largest Elements
This question tests the ability to efficiently find the K largest elements in an unsorted array while managing time complexity constraints through heap-based or selection-based algorithms.
Coding & AlgorithmsTechnical ScreenArraysHeapSorting - MicrosoftMediumSoftware EngineerFind Unique Zero-Sum Triplets
Find unique zero-sum triplets with distinct indices, deterministic ordering, careful duplicate suppression, and explicit time and space analysis.
Coding & AlgorithmsTechnical Screen - MicrosoftHardSoftware EngineerFind all balanced k in a permutation
This question evaluates understanding of permutations, array range reasoning, index mapping, and efficient algorithm design for detecting contiguous subarrays that exactly contain the prefix set {1..k}.
Coding & AlgorithmsTechnical Screen - MicrosoftMediumData ScientistFind common friends from directed edges
This question evaluates a candidate's ability to manipulate relational data and reason about graph reciprocity, specifically testing SQL query formulation, aggregation, deduplication, and indexing for performance in the Data Manipulation (SQL/Python) domain.
Data Manipulation (SQL/Python)Technical Screen - MicrosoftMediumSoftware EngineerFind longest substring without repeating characters
This problem tests your ability to use the sliding window technique combined with a hash map to efficiently find a maximal subarray meeting a specific constraint.
Coding & AlgorithmsTechnical ScreenSliding WindowHash MapString - MicrosoftMediumSoftware EngineerFind lowest common ancestor in tree
This question evaluates understanding of tree data structures and the lowest common ancestor concept, contrasting use of binary search tree ordering with the general binary tree case while requiring algorithmic time and space complexity reasoning in the Coding & Algorithms domain.
Coding & AlgorithmsTechnical Screen - MicrosoftMediumMachine Learning EngineerFind pairs with the minimum absolute difference
This question evaluates array manipulation, sorting-based reasoning, and the ability to generate ordered value pairs that reflect minimum absolute differences while handling ordering and duplicates.
Coding & AlgorithmsTechnical Screen - MicrosoftMediumSoftware EngineerFind the Bugs in an AI-Generated URL Shortener
Tests code review, debugging, and refactoring skills by identifying flaws in an AI-generated in-memory URL shortener and implementing a robust, thread-safe replacement.
Software Engineering FundamentalsTechnical ScreenCode ReviewConcurrencyHashing - MicrosoftMediumSoftware EngineerGreedy and Top-k Beam Search Decoding That Returns the Sentence Probability
A coding question on decoding a sequence from a next-token probability distribution: implement greedy decoding, extend it to beam search that keeps the top k partial sequences, and return the chosen sequence with its overall probability. It also probes why long sequences tend to receive low probability and how decoding should account for that.
Machine LearningTechnical Screen - MicrosoftHardSoftware EngineerGroup GPUs by node and partition by links
This problem tests your ability to model a network as a graph and perform partitioning to optimize internal connectivity constraints.
Coding & AlgorithmsTechnical ScreenGraph TheoryBipartite MatchingCombinatorial Optimization - MicrosoftMediumData ScientistHow would you build and evaluate a classifier?
This problem tests your ability to design a binary classification pipeline from metric selection to production monitoring, with a focus on aligning technical decisions with business objectives.
Machine LearningTechnical ScreenClassificationModel EvaluationImbalanced Data - MicrosoftMediumData ScientistHow would you estimate impact without A/B?
This question tests your ability to design quasi-experimental methods to infer causal impact when randomization is not possible due to technical or business constraints.
Analytics & ExperimentationTechnical ScreenCausal InferenceQuasi-experimentsDiD - MicrosoftMediumSoftware EngineerImplement a Bounded Per-Key Ordered Task Executor
Design and implement a thread-safe, bounded task executor that guarantees sequential execution per key while enforcing a global concurrency limit across all keys.
Software Engineering FundamentalsTechnical Screenconcurrencymultithreadingsystem-design-basics - MicrosoftMediumSoftware EngineerImplement a Snapshot Set Iterator
This problem tests your ability to design a data structure that maintains point-in-time consistency for an iterator despite subsequent modifications to the underlying collection.
Coding & AlgorithmsTechnical ScreenData StructuresDesignIterator - MicrosoftMediumSoftware EngineerImplement a type-based mutex for tasks
This problem tests knowledge of synchronization primitives, dictionary-based locking mechanisms, and the ability to manage resource contention based on dynamic categorization.
Coding & AlgorithmsTechnical ScreenConcurrencySynchronizationMultithreading - MicrosoftHardSoftware EngineerImplement array and tree traversal tasks
This problem tests your ability to optimize an array-based trading algorithm using a greedy approach and your mastery of level-order tree traversal to extract a specific view of a binary tree.
Coding & AlgorithmsTechnical ScreenGreedyBFSDFS - MicrosoftHardSoftware EngineerImplement concurrent structures and debug queue code
This question evaluates data-structure implementation and concurrent programming competencies by testing construction of an LRU cache, a custom hash map, a quadtree spatial index, and debugging of a producer-consumer queue.
Coding & AlgorithmsTechnical Screen - MicrosoftMediumSoftware EngineerImplement greedy decoding and beam search
This question evaluates understanding of autoregressive decoding strategies—greedy decoding and beam search—including cumulative log-probability scoring, beam maintenance, EOS handling, and sequence expansion logic; it is categorized under Coding & Algorithms for Software Engineer roles.
Coding & AlgorithmsTechnical Screen - MicrosoftMediumSoftware EngineerIn-Memory URL Shortener: Encode and Decode
Design an in-memory URL shortener class supporting fast encoding and decoding between original long URLs and compact short URLs using hash maps.
Coding & AlgorithmsTechnical Screenhash-tabledesignstring - MicrosoftMediumSoftware EngineerIntroduce yourself and explain 'Why us?'
This question evaluates behavioral and leadership competencies—communication, decision-making under ambiguity, stakeholder alignment, technical leadership, mentorship, and impact articulation—within the Category: Behavioral & Leadership for a software engineering role.
Behavioral & LeadershipTechnical Screen - MicrosoftMediumSoftware EngineerList Point Pairs Spanning Non-Degenerate Boxes in N Dimensions, Sorted by Volume
A coding problem that takes points in two or more dimensions, finds every pair whose axis-aligned box has non-zero volume, and returns those pairs with their volumes in a strict order. It tests careful pair enumeration, handling of flat or degenerate boxes, and deterministic sorting with tie-breaks.
Coding & AlgorithmsTechnical Screen - MicrosoftMediumSoftware EngineerMerge overlapping intervals
This question tests the ability to manage and merge interval-based data, requiring sorting and a single-pass linear traversal to resolve overlaps.
Coding & AlgorithmsTechnical ScreenSortingIntervalsArrays - MicrosoftMediumSoftware EngineerParse a Signed Integer in an Arbitrary Base
Parse signed integers in bases 2–36 with explicit syntax, negative-boundary handling, pre-arithmetic overflow checks, and deterministic error precedence.
Coding & AlgorithmsTechnical Screen - MicrosoftMediumData ScientistPrint Org Chart by Level
This problem tests your ability to model a tree structure from flat parent-child relations and perform a level-order traversal to format hierarchical data.
Coding & AlgorithmsTechnical ScreenTreesBFSGraphs
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